Research papers M–Q

The information on this website is based on published scientific research. Most of the papers listed below are available on the Internet and DOI links have been added for all bar a few papers. PubMed links have been added for the remainder.

Last updated: March 2024

M

Ma L, Zhang X-Q, Zhou D-X, Cui Y, Deng L-L, Yang T, Shao Y, Ding M. Feasibility of urinary microRNA profiling detection in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and its potential as a non-invasive biomarker. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: No. 31535. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31535.

Ma Z, Liu Y, Chai L, Jin G, Sun Y, Zhou S, Yin P, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Lu S, Zhu B. Metabolic changes in bile acids with pregnancy progression and their correlation with perinatal complications in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnant patients. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1): 1608. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22974-8.

Macias RI, Pascual MJ, Bravo A, Alcalde MP, Larena MG, St-Pierre MV, Serrano MA, Marin JJ. Effect of maternal cholestasis on bile acid transfer across the rat placenta-maternal liver tandem. Hepatology 2000; 31: 975–83. https://doi.org/10.1053/he.2000.5921.

Macias RI, Mattila S, Lozano E, Estiù MC, Oude Elferink RP, Marin JJG. Role of the placenta in serum autotaxin elevation during maternal cholestasis. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2018; 315: G399–G407. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2018.

MacKay DF, Smith GC, Dobbie R, Pell JP. Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren. PLOS Medicine 2010; 7: e1000289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000289.

Madazli R, Yuksel MA, Oncul M, Tuten A, Guralp O, Aydin B. Pregnancy outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2015; 35(4): 358–61. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2014.968102.

Madendağ Y, Sahin E, Col Madendag I, Eraslan Sahin M. Assessment of intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy and the effect of disease severity on transient tachypnea in the newborn in uncomplicated fetuses. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2021; 50(1): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0003.

Majewska A, Godek B, Bomba-Opon D, Wielgos M. Association between intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. A retrospective analysis. Ginekologia Polska 2019; 90(8): 458–63. https://doi.org/10.5603/GP.2019.0079.

Malin GL, Morris RK, Khan KS. Strength of association between umbilical cord pH and perinatal and long term outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 2010; 340: c1471. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c1471.

Manna LB, Ovadia C, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Chambers J, Begum S, Seed P, Walker I, Chappell LC, Marschall H-U, Williamson C. Enzymatic quantification of total serum bile acids as a monitoring strategy for women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy receiving ursodeoxycholic acid treatment: a cohort study. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2019; https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15926.

Manna LB, Papacleovoulou G, Flaviani F, Pataia V, Qadri A, Abu-Hayyeh S, McIlvride S, Jansen E, Dixon P, Chambers J, Vazquez-Lopez M, Wahlström A, Kitaba N, Marschall H-U, Godfrey KM, Lillycrop K, Williamson C. Ursodeoxycholic acid improves feto-placental and offspring metabolic outcomes in hypercholanemic pregnancy. Scientific Reports 2020; 10: 10361 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67301-1.

Marathe JA, Lim WH, Metz MP, Scheil W, Dekker GA, Hague WM. A retrospective cohort review of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in a South Australian population. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2017; 218: 33–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.09.012.

Marin JJ, Serrano MA, el-Mir MY, Eleno N, Boyd CA. Bile acid transport by basal membrane vesicles of human term placental trophoblast. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1431–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)91172-3.

Marschall H-U. Management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2015; 9(10): 1273–9. https://doi.org/10.1586/17474124.2015.1083857.

Marschall H-U. Ursodeoxycholic acid for intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy. Lancet 2019; 394(10201): 810–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31607-1.

Marschall H-U, Wagner M, Zollner G, Fickert P, Diczfalusy U, Gumhold J, Silbert D, Fuchsbichler A, Benthin L, Grundström R, Gustafsson U, Sahlin S, Einarsson C, Trauner M. Complementary stimulation of hepatobiliary transport and detoxification systems by rifampicin and ursodeoxycholic acid in humans. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 476–85. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.05.009.

Marschall H-U, Wikström Shemer E, Ludvigsson JF, Stephansson O. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and associated hepatobiliary disease: A population-based cohort study. Hepatology 2013; 58(4): 1385–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26444.

Martineau M, Raker C, Powrie R, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2014; 176: 80–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.12.037.

Martineau MG, Raker C, Dixon PH, Chambers J, Machirori M, King NM, Hooks ML, Manoharan R, Chen K, Powrie R, Williamson C. The metabolic profile of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and increased fetal growth. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 243–8. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2143.

Mashburn S, Schleckman E, Cackovic P, Shellhaas C, Rood KM, Ma’ayeh M. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: risk factors for severe disease. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2021; 35(25): 8566–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.1988924.

Matos A, Bernardes J, Ayres-de-Campos D, Patrício B. Antepartum fetal cerebral hemorrhage not predicted by current surveillance methods in cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997; 89: 803–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00042-2.

Mays JK. The active management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010; 22(2): 100–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e328337238d.

Mazzella G, Rizzo N, Azzaroli F, Simoni P, Bovicelli L, Miracolo A, Simonazzi G, Colecchia A, Nigro G, Mwangemi C, Festi D, Roda E. Ursodeoxycholic acid administration in patients with cholestasis of pregnancy: effects on primary bile acids in babies and mothers. Hepatology 2001; 33: 504–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.22647.

McIlvride S, Dixon PH, Williamson C. Bile acids and gestation. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2017; 56: 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.003

Medina Lomelí JM, Medina Castro N. [Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, an unpredictable fetal risk: report of a case and review of the literature] Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico 2000; 68: 486–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11195963/.

Meier Y, Zodan T, Lang C, Zimmermann R, Kullak-Ublick GA, Meier PJ, Stieger B, Pauli-Magnus C. Increased susceptibility for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and contraceptive-induced cholestasis in carriers of the 1331T>C polymorphism in the bile salt export pump. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008; 14: 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.38.

Meng LJ, Reyes H, Palma J, Hernandez I, Ribalta J, Sjövall J. Profiles of bile acids and progesterone metabolites in the urine and serum of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Hepatology 1997; 27: 346–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(97)80181-X.

Meng LJ, Reyes H, Axelson M, Palma J, Hernandez I, Ribalta J, Sjövall J. Progesterone metabolites and bile acids in serum of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1573–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.1997.v26.pm0009398000.

Milkiewicz P, Gallagher R, Chambers J, Eggington E, Weaver J, Elias E. Obstetric cholestasis with elevated gamma glutamyl transpeptidase: incidence, presentation and treatment. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2003; 18: 1283–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03171.x

Miller PW, Coen RW, Benirschke K. Dating the time interval from meconium passage to birth. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1985; 66: 459–62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2413412/.

Miragoli M, Siti H, Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Sheppard MN, Salvarani N, Virta V, Wells S, Max J Lab, Nikolaev VO, Moshkov A, Hague WM, Rohr S, Williamson C, Gorelik J. A protective antiarrhythmic role of ursodeoxycholic acid in an in vitro rat model of the cholestatic fetal heart. Hepatology 2011; 54(4): 1282–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24492.

Mitchell A, Ovadia C, Syngelaki A, Souretis K, Martineau M, Girling J, Vasavan, T, Fan HM, Seed PT, Chambers J, Walters JRF, Nicolaides K, Williamson C. Re-evaluating diagnostic thresholds for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: case-control and cohort study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2021; 128(10): 1635–1644. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16669

Modi N, Lewis H, Al-Naqeeb N, Ajayi-Obe M, Doré CJ, Rutherford M. The effects of repeated antenatal glucocorticoid therapy on the developing brain. Pediatric Research 2001; 50: 581–5. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200111000-00008.

Morrison JJ, Rennie JM, Milton PJ. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995; 102: 101–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09060.x.

Mulla BM, Modest AM, Young BC. Intrahepatic cholestasis and small for gestational age: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Perinatology 2023; 43(2): 238–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-022-01590-4.

Müllenbach R, Bennett A, Tetlow N, Patel N, Hamilton G, Cheng F, Chambers J, Howard R, Taylor-Robinson SD, Williamson C. ATP8B1 mutations in British cases with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gut 2005; 54: 829–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.058115

Müllenbach R, Linton KJ, Wiltshire S, Weerasekera N, Chambers J, Elias E, Higgins CF, Johnston DG, McCarthy MI, Williamson C. ABCB4 gene sequence variation in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Medical Genetics 2003; 40: e70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.40.5.e70

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NHS Digital. NHS Maternity Statistics. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-maternity-statistics

Nicastri PL, Diaferia A, Tartagni M, Loizzi P, Fanelli M. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosylmethionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998; 105: 1205–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09976.x.

Nikkilä K, Riikonen S, Lindfors M, Miettinen TA. Serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols before and after delivery in normal and cholestatic pregnancy. Journal of Lipid Research 1996; 37: 2687–95. https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275(20)37471-X/fulltext.

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Oliveira M, Dias JP, Guedes-Martins L. Fetal cardiac function: myocardial performance index. Current Cardiology Reviews 2022; 18(4): e271221199505. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403x18666211227145856.

Olsson R, Tysk C, Aldenborg F, Holm B. Prolonged postpartum course of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 267–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90035-b.

Omeroglu I, Golbasi H, Bayraktar B, Golbasi C, Yildrim Karaca S, Demircan T, Ekin A. Modified myocardial performance index for evaluation of fetal heart function and perinatal outcomes in intrahepatic pregnancy cholestasis. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2023; (ahead of print). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-022-02789-4.

Ovadia C, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Edwards LA, Langedijk J, Geenes V, Chambers J, Cheng F, Clarke L, Begum S, Noori M, Pusey C, Padmagirison R, Agarwal S, Peerless J, Cheesman K, Heneghan M, Elferink RO, Patel VC, Marschall H-U, Williamson C. Therapeutic plasma exchange as a novel treatment for severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: case series and mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Apheresis 2018; 33: 638–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jca.21654.

Ovadia C, Perdones-Montero A, Fan HM, Mullish BH, McDonald JAK, Papacleovoulou G, Wahlström A, Stahlman M, Tsakmaki A, Clarke LCD, Sklavounos A, Dixon PH, Bewick GA, Walters JRF, Marschall H-U, Marchesi JR, Williamson C. Ursodeoxycholic acid enriches intestinal bile salt hydrolase-expressing Bacteroidetes in cholestatic pregnancy. Scientific Reports 2020; 10: 3895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60821-w.

Ovadia C, Sajous J, Seed PT, Patel K, Williamson NJ, Attilakos G, Azzaroli F, Bacq Y, Batsry L, Broom K, Brun-Furrer R, Bull L, Chambers J, Cui Y, Ding M, Dixon PH, Estiù MC, Gardiner FW, Geenes V, Grymowicz M, Günaydin B, Hague WM, Haslinger C, Hu Y, Indraccolo U, Juusela A, Kane SC, Kebapcilar A, Kebapcilar L, Kohari K, Kondrackienė J, Koster MPH, Lee RH, Liu X, Locatelli A, Macias RIR, Madazli R, Majewska A, Maksym K, Marathe JA, Morton A, Oudijk MA, Öztekin D, Peek MJ, Shennan AH, Tribe RM, Tripodi V, Özterlemez NT, Vasavan T, Audris Wong LF, Yinon Y, Zhang Q, Zloto K, Marschall H-U, Thornton J, Chappell LC, Williamson C. Ursodeoxycholic acid in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2021; Online 26 April.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00074-1

Ovadia C, Seed PT, Sklavounos A, Geenes V, Di Illio C, Chambers J, Kohari K, Bacq Y, Bozkurt N, Brun-Furrer R, Bull L, Estiú MC, Grymowicz M, Gunaydin B, Hague WM, Haslinger C, Hu Y, Kawakita T, Kebapcilar AG, Kebapcilar L, Kondrackienė J, Koster MPH, Kowalska-Kańka A, Kupčinskas L, Lee RH, Locatelli A, Macias RIR, Marschall H-U, Oudijk MA, Raz Y, Rimon E, Shan D, Shao Y, Tribe R, Tripodi V, Abide CY, Yenidede I, Thornton JG, Chappell LC, Williamson C. Association of adverse perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with biochemical markers: results of aggregate and individual patient data meta-analyses. Lancet 2019; 393(10174): 899–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31877-4.

Ovadia C, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: recent advances. Clinics in Dermatology 2016; 34: 327–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.004

Owen BM, Van Mil SW, Boudjelal M, McLay I, Cairns W, Elias E, White R, Williamson C, Dixon PH. Sequencing and functional assessment of hPXR (NR1I2) variants in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Xenobiotica 2008; 38: 1289–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00498250802426114

Ozsvári-Vidákovich M, Péter Z, Vilmos F, Szijártó A, Dániel A, Lakatos L, Ács N, S´ra L, Szakony S, Sziller I. [Successful pregnancy of a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis awaiting liver transplantation]. Orvosi Hetilap 2023; 164(6): 234–40. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2023.32707.

Oztekin D, Aydal I, Oztekin O, Okcu S, Borekci R, Tinar S. Predicting fetal asphyxia in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009; 280: 975–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1052-x.

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Page D. On the occurrence of an unusual form of pruritus during pregnancy. British Medical Journal 1872; 2(612): 323–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.612.323-a

Painter JN, Savander M, Sistonen P, Lehesjoki AE, Aittomäki K. A known polymorphism in the bile salt export pump gene is not a risk allele for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2004; 39: 694–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520410005423.

Painter JN, Savander M, Ropponen A, Nupponen N, Riikonen S, Ylikorkala O, Lehesjoki AE, Aittomäki K. Sequence variation in the ATP8B1 gene and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. European Journal of Human Genetics 2005; 13: 435–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201355.

Palma J, Reyes H, Ribalta J, Hernández I, Sandoval L, Almuna R, Liepins J, Lira F, Sedano M, Silva O, Tohá D, Silva JJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind study controlled with placebo. Journal of Hepatology 1997; 27: 1022–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(97)80146-8.

Palma J, Reyes H, Ribalta J, Iglesias J, Gonzalez MC, Hernandez I, Alvarez C, Molina C, Danitz AM. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Hepatology 1992; 15: 1043–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840150612.

Papacleovoulou G, Abu-Hayyeh S, Nikolopoulou E, Briz O, Owen BM, Nikolova V, Ovadia C, Huang X, Vaarasmaki M, Baumann M, Jansen E, Albrecht C, Jarvelin MR, Marin JJ, Knisely AS, Williamson C. Maternal cholestasis during pregnancy programs metabolic disease in offspring. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2013; 123: 3172–81. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI68927

Papacleovoulou G, Nikolova V, Oduwole O, Chambers J, Vazquez-Lopez M, Jansen E, Nicolaides K, Parker M, Williamson C. Gestational disruptions in metabolic rhythmicity of the liver, muscle, and placenta affect fetal size. FASEB Journal 2017; 31(4): 1698–1708. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201601032R

Park HW, Lee NM, Kim JH, Kim KS, Kim SN. Parenteral fish oil-containing lipid emulsions may reverse parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition 2015; 145: 277–83. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.204974.

Pascual MJ , Serrano MA, El-Mir MY, Macias RI , Jiménez F, Marin JJ. Relationship between asymptomatic hypercholanaemia of pregnancy and progesterone metabolism. Clinical Science (Lond) 2002; 102: 587–93. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs1020587.

Pata O, Vardareli E, Ozcan A, Serteser M, Unsal I, Saruç M, Unlü C, Tözün N. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: correlation of preterm delivery with bile acids. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 2011; 22: 602–5. https://doi.org/10.4318/tjg.2011.0427.

Pataia V, Dixon, PH, Williamson C. Pregnancy and bile acid disorders. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2017; 313(1): G1–G6. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00028.2017.

Patel P, Weerasekera N, Hitchins M, Boyd CA, Johnston DG, Williamson C. Semi quantitative expression analysis of MDR3, FIC1, BSEP, OATP-A, OATP-C, OATP-D, OATP-E and NTCP gene transcripts in 1st and 3rd trimester human placenta. Placenta 2003; 24: 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1053/plac.2002.0879

Paternoster DM, Fabris F, Palù G, Santarossa C, Bracciante R, Snijders D, Floreani A. Intra-hepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in hepatitis C virus infection. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2002; 81: 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810202.x.

Pauli-Magnus C, Lang T, Meier Y, Zodan-Marin T, Jung D, Breymann C, Zimmermann R, Kenngott S, Beuers U, Reichel C, Kerb R, Penger A, Meier PJ, Kullak-Ublick GA. Sequence analysis of bile salt export pump (ABCB11) and multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein 3 (ABCB4, MDR3) in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Pharmacogenetics 2004; 14: 91–102. https://journals.lww.com/jpharmacogenetics/Abstract/2004/02000/Sequence_analysis_of_bile_salt_export_pump.3.aspx.

Pavelic E, Blagaic V, Zekan P, Glad Stritof P, Bebek M, Bilandzic J, Pavlovic M, Herceg M. Occurrence of liver damage and obstetric outcomes in pregnant women diagnosed with pruritus during pregnancy: a retrospective study. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2022; 2022: 5913712. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5913712.

Perez MJ, Macias RI, Marin JJ. Maternal cholestasis induces placental oxidative stress and apoptosis. Protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid. Placenta 2006; 27: 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.020.

Perreau P, Rouchy R. [Recurrent cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy.] Gynecologie et Obstetrique (Paris) 1961; 60: 161–79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13734505/.

Pierce M, Kurinczuk JJ, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Perinatal outcomes after maternal 2009/H1N1 infection: national cohort study. British Medical Journal 2011; 342: d3214. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3214.

Pineda G, Aguayo J, Ribalta J, González M, Reyes H. [Thyroid function tests in normal pregnant women (third trimester) and in pregnant women with pregnancy cholestasis or with acute hepatitis] Revista Medica de Chile 2000; 128: 35–43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10883520/.

Podesta A, Lopez P, Terg R, Villamil F, Flores D, Mastai R, Udaondo CB, Companc JP. Treatment of pruritus of primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1991; 36: 216–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01300759.

Porembka DT, Kier A, Sehlhorst S, Boyce S, Orlowski JP, Davis K Jr. The pathophysiologic changes following bile aspiration in a porcine lung model. Chest 1993; 104: 919–24. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.104.3.919.

Puljic A, Kim E, Page J, Esakoff T, Shaffer B, LaCoursiere DY, Caughey AB. The risk of infant and fetal death by each additional week of expectant management in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy by gestational age. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2015; 212(5): 667.e1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.02.012.

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Quigley MA, Poulsen G, Boyle E, Wolke D, Field D, Alfirevic Z, Kurinczuk JJ. Early term and late preterm birth are associated with poorer school performance at age 5 years: a cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2012; 97: F167–73. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300888.