Research papers F–L

The information on this website is based on published scientific research. Most of the papers listed below are available on the Internet and DOI links have been added for all bar a few papers. PubMed links have been added for the remainder.

Last updated: March 2024

F

Falconer JD, Smith AN, Eastwood MA. The effects of bile acids on colonic motility in the rabbit. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences 1980; 65: 135–44. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1980.sp002497

Fan X, Zhou Q, Zeng S, Zhou J, Peng Q, Zhang M, Ding Y. Impaired fetal myocardial deformation in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 2014; 33: 1171–7. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.33.7.1171

Fang D, Fang Y, Zhang W, Xiang Y, Cheng X, Liang M, Xia H. Comprehensive analysis of quantitative proteomics with DIA mass spectrometry and ceRNA network in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2022; 10: 854425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.854425

Feng F, Jiang M, Liu W, Xu D, Huang XM, Shao Y. Study on plasma exosome biomarkers of pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2022; 28: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2022.2029940

Fischer SE, de Vries ES, Tushuizen ME, de Boer YS, van der Meer AJP, de Man RA, Brouwer JT, Kuyvenhoven JP, Klemt-Kropp M, Gevers TJG, Tjwa ETTL, Kuiper EMM, Verhagen MAMT, Friederich PW, van Hoek B. Importance of complete response for outcomes of pregnancy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Liver International 2023; (ahead of print). https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.15511.

Fisk NM, Bye WB, Storey GN. Maternal features of obstetric cholestasis: 20 years experience at King George V Hospital. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988; 28: 172–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1988.tb01657.x

Fisk NM, Storey GN. Fetal outcome in obstetric cholestasis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988; 95: 1137–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06791.x

Fitzpatrick KE, Kurinczuk JJ, Alfirevic Z, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Uterine rupture by intended mode of delivery in the UK: a national case-control study. PLOS Medicine 2012; 9: e1001184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001184

Fleminger J, Seed P, Smith A, Juszczak E, Dixon P, Chambers J, Dorling J, Williamson C, Thornton J, Chappell L. Ursodeoxycholic acid in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a secondary analysis of the PITCHES trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16567

Floreani A, Paternoster D, Melis A, Grella PV. S-adenosylmethionine versus ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: preliminary results of a controlled trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1996; 67: 109–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-2115(96)02442-6

Floreani A, Carderi I, Paternoster D, Soardo G, Azzaroli F, Esposito W, Variola A, Tommasi AM, Marchesoni D, Braghin C, Mazzella G. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: three novel MDR3 gene mutations. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006; 23: 1649–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02869.x

Floreani A, Carderi I, Paternoster D, Soardo G, Azzaroli F, Esposito W, Montagnani M, Marchesoni D, Variola A, Rosa Rizzotto E, Braghin C, Mazzella G. Hepatobiliary phospholipid transporter ABCB4, MDR3 gene variants in a large cohort of Italian women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Digestive and Liver Disease 2008; 40: 366–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2007.10.016

Floreani A, Paternoster D, Grella V, Sacco S, Gangemi M, Chiaramonte M. Ursodeoxycholic acid in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1994; 101: 64–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13012.x

Frezza M. A meta-analysis of therapeutic trials with ademetionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis. Annali Italiani Medicina Interna 1993; 8 Suppl: 48S–51S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8117521/ (abstract only)

Frezza M, Centini G, Cammareri G, Le Grazie C, Di Padova C. S-adenosylmethionine for the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Results of a controlled clinical trial. Hepatogastroenterology 1990; 37 Suppl 2: 122–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(99)80010-1

Frezza M, Pozzato G, Chiesa L, Stramentinoli G, di Padova C. Reversal of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in women after high dose S-adenosyl-L-methionine administration. Hepatology 1984; 4: 274–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840040217

Frezza M, Tritapepe R, Pozzato G, Di Padova C. Prevention of S-adenosylmethionine of estrogen-induced hepatobiliary toxicity in susceptible women. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1988; 83: 1098–102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3421220/ (abstract only)

Fulton IC, Douglas JG, Hutchon DJ, Beckett GJ. Is normal pregnancy cholestatic? Clinica Chimica Acta 1983; 130: 171–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(83)90114-6

Furhoff AK. Itching in pregnancy. A 15-year follow-up study. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1974; 196: 403–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1974.tb01031.x

Furrer R, Winter K, Schäffer L, Zimmermann R, Burkhardt T, Haslinger C. Postpartum blood loss in women treated for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2016; 128(5): 1048–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001693

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Gao H, Chen L-J, Luo Q-Q, Liu X-X, Huu Y, Yu L-L, Zou L. Effect of cholic acid on fetal cardiac myocytes in intrahepatic choliestasis [sic] of pregnancy Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Med Sci] 2014; 34(5): 736–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-014-1344-7

Garcia-Flores J, Cañamares M, Cruceyra M, Garicano A, Espada M, Lopez A, Tamarit I. Clinical value of maternal bile acid quantification in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy as an adverse perinatal outcome predictor. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2015; 79: 222–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000370003

Garoff L. Prediction of fetal outcome by urinary estriol, maternal serum placental lactogen, and alpha-fetoprotein in diabetes and hepatosis of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1976; 48: 659–66. https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/1976/12000/Prediction_of_Fetal_Outcome_by_Urinary_Estriol,.5.aspx

Geenes V, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009; 15(17): 2049–66. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2049

Geenes VL, Dixon PH, Chambers J, Raguz S, Marin JJ, Bhakoo KK, Williamson C. Characterisation of the nuclear receptors FXR, PXR and CAR in normal and cholestatic placenta. Placenta 2011 Jul; 32(7): 535–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2011.04.014

Geenes VL, Lim YH, Bowman N, Tailor H, Dixon PH, Chambers J, Brown L, Wyatt-Ashmead J, Bhakoo K, Williamson C. A placental phenotype for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Placenta 2011; 32: 1026–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2011.09.006

Geenes V, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Benthin L, Lawrance D, Chambers J, Gurung V, Thornton J, Chappell L, Khan E, Dixon P, Marschall HU, Williamson C. The reversed feto-maternal bile acid gradient in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is corrected by ursodeoxycholic acid. PLOS ONE 2014; 9: e83828. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083828

Geenes V, Chappell LC, Seed PT, Steer PJ, Knight M, Williamson C. Association of severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcomes: A prospective population-based case-control study. Hepatology 2014; 59: 1482–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26617

Geenes V, Chambers J, Khurana R, Shemer EW, Sia W, Mandair D, Elias E, Marschall HU, Hague W, Williamson C. Rifampicin in the treatment of severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2015; 189: 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.03.020

Geenes V, Williamson C, Chappell LC. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynecologist 2016; 18(4): 273–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/tog.12308.

Geier A, Dietrich CG, Gerloff T, Haendly J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Stieger B, Meier PJ, Matern S, Gartung C. Regulation of basolateral organic anion transporters in ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis in the rat. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2003; 1609: 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00657-0

Gençosmanoğlu Türkmen G, Vural Yilmaz Z, Dağlar K, Kara O, Yaşar Sanhal C, Yücel A, Uygur D. Low serum vitamin D level is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2018; 44(9): 1712–1718. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13693.

Gendrot C, Bacq Y, Brechot MC, Lansac J, Andres C. A second heterozygous MDR3 nonsense mutation associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Medical Genetics 2003; 40: e32. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.40.3.e32.

Germain AM, Kato S, Carvajal JA, Valenzuela GJ, Valdes GL, Glasinovic JC. Bile acids increase response and expression of human myometrial oxytocin receptor. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003; 189: 577–82. https://doi.org/10.1067/S0002-9378(03)00545-3.

Ghent CN, Carruthers SG. Treatment of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Results of a double-blind, crossover, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 488–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(88)90442-8.

Ghent CN, Bloomer JR, Klatskin G. Elevations in skin tissue levels of bile acids in human cholestasis: relation to serum levels and to pruritus. Gastroenterology 1977; 73: 1125–1130.

Gilroy A. Please tell me what the long term effects might be. British Medical Journal 2021; 375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2753

Girling JC, Dow E, Smith JH. Liver function tests in pre-eclampsia: importance of comparison with a reference range derived for normal pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997; 104: 246–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11054.x.

Glantz A, Marschall HU, Lammert F, Mattsson LA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2005; 42: 1399–405. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20952.

Glantz A, Marschall HU, Mattsson LA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates. Hepatology 2004; 40: 467–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20336.

Glantz A, Reilly SJ, Benthin L, Lammert F, Mattsson LA, Marschall HU. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Amelioration of pruritus by UDCA is associated with decreased progesterone disulphates in urine. Hepatology 2008; 47: 544–51.

Gok K, Takmaz T, Kose O, Tuten N, Acikgoz AS, Bostanci MS, Ozden S. Can first-trimester aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index score predict intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy? Hepatology Forum 2023; 4(1): 30–4. https://doi.org/10.14744/hf.2022.2022.0031.

Gonzalez MC, Reyes H, Arrese M, Figueroa D, Lorca B, Andresen M, Segovia N, Molina C, Arce S. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in twin pregnancies. Journal of Hepatology 1989; 9: 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(89)90079-2.

Gorelik J, Shevchuk AI, Diakonov I, de Swiet M, Lab M, Korchev Y, Williamson C. Dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid protect against the arrhythmogenic effect of taurocholate in an in vitro study of rat cardiomyocytes. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003; 110: 467–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-0328(03)02273-0

Goulis DG, Walker IA, de Swiet M, Redman CW, Williamson C. Preeclampsia with abnormal liver function tests is associated with cholestasis in a subgroup of cases. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2004; 23: 19–27.https://doi.org/10.1081/PRG-120028278.

Grand'Maison S, Durand M, Mahone M. The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: a meta-analysis including non-randomized studies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Can 2014; 36: 632–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30544-2.

Grymowicza M, Czajkowskib K, Smolarczyka R. Pregnancy course in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy treated with very low doses of ursodeoxycholic acid. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2016; 51(1): 78–85. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2015.1064990.

Gurung V, Stokes M, Middleton P, Milan SJ, Hague W, Thornton JG. Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013; 6: CD000493. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000493.pub2

Gylling H, Riikonen S, Nikkilä K, Savonius H, Miettinen TA. Oral guar gum treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis and pruritus in pregnant women: effects on serum cholestanol and other non-cholesterol sterols. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998; 28: 359–63. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00282.x.

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Habler K, Koeppl B, Bracher F, Vogeser M. Targeted profiling of 24 sulfated and non-sulfated bile acids in urine using two-dimensional isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2021; 60(2): 220–8. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-1111.

Hafeez M, Ansari A, Parveen S, Salamat A, Aijaz A. Frequency of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in Punjab Pakistan: a single centre study. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2016; 66: 203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819169/.

Hämäläinen S-T, Turunen K, Mattila KJ, Sumanen M. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and associated causes of death: a cohort study with follow-up of 27–46 years. BMC Women's Health 2018; 18: 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0606-0.

Hayes PC, Hussey AJ, Keating J, Bouchier IA, Williams R, Beckett GJ, Hayes JD. Glutathione S-transferase levels in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: a more sensitive index of hepatocellular damage than aspartate transaminase. Clinica Chimica Acta 1988; 172: 211–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(88)90325-7.

Heikinheimo M, Unnérus HA, Ranta T, Jalanko H, Seppälä M. Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein levels in cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1978; 52: 276–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/703982/.

He S, Shuang G, Yinglan W, Lan W, Wei W, Ailing W, Changhe W, Xiaoyan W, Qun G, Zechun L, Dongxu H, Yu W, Han MPK, Zhongdan C, Chan P, Qian W. Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis C among pregnant women in China: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1): 759. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27668-3.

He Y, Zhang X, Shao Y, Xu B, Cui Y, Chen X, Chen H, Luo C, Ding M. Recognition of asymptomatic hypercholanemia of pregnancy: Different clinical features, fetal outcomes and bile acids metabolism from intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Basis of Disease 2022; 1868(1): 166269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166269.

Heikkinen J. Effect of a standard test meal on serum bile acid levels in healthy nonpregnant and pregnant women and in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Annals of Clinical Research 1983; 15: 183–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6667014/.

Heikkinen J, Mäentausta O, Tuimala R, Ylostalo P, Jänne O. Amniotic fluid bile acids in normal and pathologic pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1980; 56: 60–4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7383489/.

Heikkinen J, Mäentausta O, Ylöstalo P, Jänne O. Serum bile acid levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy during treatment with phenobarbital or cholestyramine. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1982; 14: 153–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(82)90090-9.

Heikkinen J, Mäentausta O, Ylöstalo P, Jänne O. Changes in serum bile acid concentrations during normal pregnancy, in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and in pregnant women with itching. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1981; 88: 240–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb00975.x.

Heikkinen J. Serum bile acids in the early diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1983; 61: 581–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6835612/.

Heinonen S, Kirkinen P. Pregnancy outcome with intrahepatic cholestasis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999; 94: 189–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(99)00254-9.

Henry A, Welsh AW. Monitoring intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy using the fetal myocardial performance index: a cohort study. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2015; 46: 571–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14769.

Herraez E, Lozano E, Poli E, Keitel V, De Luca D, Williamson C, Marin JJ, Macias RI. Role of macrophages in bile acid-induced inflammatory response of fetal lung during maternal cholestasis. Journal of Molecular Medicine 2014; 92: 359–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1106-1.

Hershkovitz G, Raz Y, Goldinger I, Many A, Hiersch L, Eli R. Severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy – potential mechanism by which fetuses are protected from the hazardous effect of bile acids. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023; 12(2): 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020616.

Hirvioja ML, Tuimala R, Vuori J. The treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy by dexamethasone. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1992; 99: 109–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14465.x.

Hoensch HP, Balzer K, Dylewizc P, Kirch W, Goebell H, Ohnhaus EE. Effect of rifampicin treatment on hepatic drug metabolism and serum bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1985; 28: 475–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00544371.

Horgan R, Bitas C, Abuhamad A. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a comparison of Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists’ guidelines. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology – Maternal-Fetal Medicine 2022; 5(3): 100838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100838.

Hu R, Yin H, Li X. Changing trends of adverse pregnancy outcomes with maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index: a join-point analysis. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 872490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.872490.

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Ikonen E. Jaundice in late pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1964; 43 Suppl 5: 1–130. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14147595/.

Israel EJ, Guzman ML, Campos GA. Maximal response to oxytocin of the isolated myometrium from pregnant patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1986; 65: 581–2. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016348609158391.

Itoh S, Onishi S, Isobe K, Manabe M, Inukai K. Foetomaternal relationships of serum bile acid pattern estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Biochemical Journal 1982; 204: 141–5. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2040141.

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Jacquemin E, Cresteil D, Manouvrier S, Boute O, Hadchouel M. Heterozygous non-sense mutation of the MDR3 gene in familial intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Lancet 1999; 353: 210–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77221-4.

Jiang ZH, Qiu ZD, Liu WW, Liu YH, Wang QN, Miao HZ, Zhou ZC, Wu XL, Xu BY, Gu CH. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and its complications. Analysis of 100 cases in area. Chinese Medical Journal (Engl) 1986; 99: 957–60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3105974/.

Jie Z, Yiling D, Ling Y. Association of assisted reproductive technology with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Iran Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2015; 13: 169–80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26000008/.

Johnson P. Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy with special reference to lipids and lipoproteins. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Suppl 1973; 27: 1–80. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016347409156386.

Johnson P, Samsioe G, Gustafson A. Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. I. Clinical aspects and liver function tests. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1975; 54: 77–84. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016347509158671.

Johnston WG, Baskett TF. Obstetric cholestasis. A 14 year review. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1979; 133: 299–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(79)90683-5.

Joutsiniemi T, Leino R, Timonen S, Pulkki K, Ekblad U. Hepatocellular enzyme glutathione S-transferase alpha and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2008; 87: 1280–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340802468316.

Joutsiniemi T, Timonen S, Leino R, Palo P, Ekblad U. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2014; 289(3): 541–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-2995-5.

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Kaaja RJ, Kontula KK, Räihä A, Laatikainen T. Treatment of cholestasis of pregnancy with peroral activated charcoal. A preliminary study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1994; 29: 178–81. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529409090459.

Kaneko T, Sato T, Katsuya H, Miyauchi Y. Surfactant therapy for pulmonary edema due to intratracheally injected bile acid. Critical Care Medicine 1990; 18: 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199001000-00017.

Kara Ö, Kirbas A, Yakut K, Daglar K, Timur H, Ozturk İnal Z, Engin-Ustun Y. Assessment of circulating betatrophin levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2018; 32(24): 4067–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1481382.

Karim G, Giri, D, Kushner T, Reau N. Evaluation of liver disease in pregnancy. Clinics in Liver Disease 2023; 27(1): 133–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2022.08.009.

Kater RM, Mistilis SP. Obstetric cholestasis and pruritus of pregnancy. Medical Journal of Australia 1967; 1: 638–40. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21529.x.

Kauppila A, Jouppila P, Karvonen P, Tuimala R, Ylikorkala O. Effect of dexamethasone on blood levels of ACTH, cortisol, progesterone, estradiol and estriol during late pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1976; 14: 177–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00590.x.

Kauppila A, Korpela H, Mäkilä UM, Yrjänheikki E. Low serum selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. British Medical Journal (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 294: 150–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.294.6565.150.

Kauppila A, Tuimala R, Ylikorkala O, Reinilä M, Ylöstalo P. Placental steroid synthesis from DHEAS during dexamethasone therapy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1979; 54: 39–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-197907000-00010.

Keitel V, Spomer L, Marin JJG, Williamson C, Geenes V, Kubitz R, Häussinger D, Macias RIR. Effect of maternal cholestasis on TGR5 expression in human and rat placenta at term. Placenta 2013; 34(9): 810–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.302

Keitel V, Vogt C, Häussinger D, Kubitz R. Combined mutations of canalicular transporter proteins cause severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 624–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.003.

Kenyon AP, Nelson Piercy C, Girling J, Williamson C, Tribe RM, Shennan AH. Pruritus may precede abnormal liver function tests in pregnant women with obstetric cholestasis: a longitudinal analysis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2001; 108: 1190–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2003.00281.x

Kenyon AP, Nelson Piercy C, Girling J, Williamson C, Tribe RM, Shennan AH. Obstetric cholestasis, outcome with active management: a series of 70 cases. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2002; 109: 282–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01368.x

Kenyon AP, Tribe RM, Nelson Piercy C, Girling JC, Williamson C, Seed PT, Vaughan-Jones S, Shennan AH. Pruritus in pregnancy: A study of anatomical distribution and prevalence in relation to the development of obstetric cholestasis. Obstetric Medicine 2010; 3: 25–9. https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fom.2010.090055.

Khurana S, Singh P. Rifampin is safe for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized-controlled trials. Liver International 2006; 26: 943–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01326.x.

Kiilholma P. Serum copper and zinc concentrations in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a controlled study. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1986; 21: 207–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(86)90017-1.

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