Research papers A–E

The information on this website is based on published scientific research. Most of the papers listed below are available on the Internet and DOI links have been added for all bar a few papers. PubMed links have been added for the remainder.

Last updated: March 2024

A

Abedin P, Weaver JB, Egginton E. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: prevalence and ethnic distribution. Ethnicity & Health 1999; 4: 35–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557859998173

Abu-Hayyeh S, Papacleovoulou G, Lovgren-Sandblom A, Tahir M, Oduwole O, Jamaludin NA, Ravat S, Nikolova V, Chambers J, Selden C, Rees M, Marschall H-U, Parker MG, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy levels of sulfated progesterone metabolites inhibit farnesoid X receptor resulting in a cholestatic phenotype. Hepatology 2013; 57: 716–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26055

Abu-Hayyeh S, Ovadia C, Lieu T, Jensen DD, Chambers J, Dixon PH, Lovgren-Sandblom A, Bolier R, Tolenaars D, Kremer AE, Syngelaki A, Noori M, Williams D, Marin JJG, Monte MJ, Nicolaides KH, Beuers U, Oude-Elferink R, Seed PT, Chappell L, Marschall H-U, Bunnett NW, Williamson C. Prognostic and mechanistic potential of progesterone sulfates in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus gravidarum. Hepatology 2015; https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28265.

Abu-Hayyeh S, Martinez-Becerra P, Sheikh Abdul Kadir S, Selden C, Romero M, Rees M, Marschall HU, Marin JJ, Williamson C. Inhibition of Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide-mediated bile acid transport by cholestatic sulfated progesterone metabolites. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010; 285 16504–12. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.072140

Ahlfeld F. Icterus gravidarum. Berichte und Arbeiten aus der Geburtshüflich-Gynaekologischen Klinik zu Giessen 1881–1882 1883; pp. 148–50. Leipzig: Verlag Von Fr. Wilh. Grunow. https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8tJnwiNdFgIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&ots=QRyo0ceyC7&sig=mnbQdyCnolphHxNLhQZWqUHNWXQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gelbsucht&f=false

Alemi F, Kwon E, Poole DP, Lieu T, Lyo V, Cattaruzza F, Cevikbas F, Steinhoff M, Nassini R, Materazzi S, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales E, Cottrell GS, Schoonjans K, Geppetti P, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW, Corvera CU. The TGR5 receptor mediates bile acid-induced itch and analgesia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2013; 123: 1513–30. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci64551

Al Inizi S, Gupta R, Gale A. Fetal tachyarrhythmia with atrial flutter in obstetric cholestasis. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006; 93: 53–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.12.030

Al Shobaili HA, Hamed HO, Al Robaee A, Alzolibani AA, Amin AF, Ahmad SR. Obstetrical and fetal outcomes of a new management strategy in patients with intra-hepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011; 283: 1219–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1506-1

Alsulyman OM, Ouzounian JG, Ames-Castro M, Goodwin TM. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: perinatal outcome associated with expectant management. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996; 175: 957–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)80031-7

Altshuler G, Hyde S. Meconium-induced vasocontraction: a potential cause of cerebral and other fetal hypoperfusion and of poor pregnancy outcome. Journal of Child Neurology 1989; 4: 137–42. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088307388900400214

Altug N, Kirbas A, Daglar K, Biberoglu E, Uygur D, Danisman N. Drug resistant fetal arrhythmia in obstetric cholestasis. Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015: 890802. https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F890802

Ammälä P, Kariniemi V. Short-term variability of fetal heart rate in cholestasis of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1981; 141: 217–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(16)32596-0

Arrese M, Reyes H. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a past and present riddle. Annals of Hepatology 2006; 5: 202–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-2681(19)32012-5

Arthuis C, Diguisto C, Lorphelin H, Dochez V, Simon E, Perrotin F, Winer N. Perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy: An 8-year case-control study. PLOS ONE 2020; 15(2): e0228213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228213

Ataalla WM, Ziada DH, Gaber R, Ossman A, Bayomy S, Elemary BR. The impact of total bile acid levels on fetal cardiac function in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy using fetal echocardiography: a tissue Doppler imaging study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016; 29: 1445–50. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1051020

Atabey S, Duvan CI, Eren U, Turhan NO. Intrahepatic cholestasis and eclampsia: a case report. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2007; 26: 363–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641950701581159

Aytaç S, Kargili A, Türkay C. A prolonged gestational intrahepatic cholestasis: a case report. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 2006; 17: 206–8. https://www.turkjgastroenterol.org/en/a-prolonged-gestational-intrahepatic-cholestasis-a-case-report-133639

Azzaroli F, Mennone A, Feletti V, Simoni P, Baglivo E, Montagnani M, Rizzo N, Pelusi G, DE Aloysio D, Lodato F, Festi D, Colecchia A, Roda E, Boyer JL, Mazzella G. Clinical trial: modulation of human placental multidrug resistance proteins in cholestasis of pregnancy by ursodeoxycholic acid. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2007; 26: 1139–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03462.x

B

Bachs L, Parés A, Elena M, Piera C, Rodés J. Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 1989; 1: 574–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91608-5

Bachs L, Parés A, Elena M, Piera C, Rodés J. Effects of long-term rifampicin administration in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 2077–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(92)90335-V

Bacq Y, Myara A, Brechot MC, Hamon C, Studer E, Trivin F, Metman EH. Serum conjugated bile acid profile during intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Hepatology 1995; 22: 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(95)80261-4

Bacq Y, Sapey T, Bréchot MC, Pierre F, Fignon A, Dubois F. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a French prospective study. Hepatology 1997; 26: 358–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510260216

Bacq Y, Zarka O, Bréchot JF, Mariotte N, Vol S, Tichet J, Weill J. Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: a prospective study of 103 pregnant women and 103 matched controls. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1030–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510230514

Bacq Y, Sentilhes L, Reyes H, Glantz A, Kondrackiene J, Binder T, Nicastri PL, Locatelli A, Floreani A, Hernandez I, Di Martino V. Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 1492–501. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.004

Balchin I, Whittaker JC, Lamont RF, Steer PJ. Maternal and fetal characteristics associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011; 117: 828–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e3182117a26

Baliutavičienė D, Zubruvienė N, Žalinkevičius R. Pregnancy outcome in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2011; 112: 250–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.002

Barth A, Klinger G, Rost M. Influence of ethinyloestradiol propanolsulphonate on serum bile acids in healthy volunteers. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 2003; 54: 381–6. https://doi.org/10.1078/0940-2993-00274

Beckett GJ, Hayes JD. Glutathione S-transferases: biomedical applications. Advances in Clinical Chemistry 1993; 30: 281–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60198-5

Bellafante E, McIlvride S, Nikolova V, Fan HM, Manna LB, Chambers J, Machirori M, Banerjee A, Murphy K, Martineau M, Schoonjans K, Marschall H-U, Jones P, Williamson C. Maternal glucose homeostasis is impaired in mouse models of gestational cholestasis. Scientific Reports 2020; 10: 11523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67968-6

Benifla JL, Dumont M, Levardon M, Foucher E, Cadiot G, Crenn-Hebert C, Heid M, Lelaidier C, Rosenbaum A, Bernuau J, Erlinger S, Frydman R, Madelenat P. [Effects of micronized natural progesterone on the liver during the third trimester of pregnancy] (in French) Contraception, Fertilité, Sexualité 1997; 25: 165–9. Abstract only at PubMed (no DOI available): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9116778

Berg B, Helm G, Petersohn L, Tryding N. Cholestasis of pregnancy. Clinical and laboratory studies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1986; 65: 107–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016348609158363

Berkane N, Cocheton JJ, Brehier D, Merviel P, Wolf C, Lefèvre G, Uzan S. Ursodeoxycholic acid in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. A retrospective study of 19 cases. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2000; 79(11): 941–6. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079011941.x

Beuers U. Drug insight: mechanisms and sites of action of ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2006; 3: 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep0521

Beuers U, Wolters, F, Oude Elferink, RPJ. Mechanisms of pruritus in cholestasis: understanding and treating the itch. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2023; 20: 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00687-7

Biberoglu EH, Kirbas A, Kirbas O, Iskender C1, Daglar HK, Koseoglu C, Uygur D, Danisman N. Prediction of cardiovascular risk by electrocardiographic changes in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2015; 28: 2239–43. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2014.983895

Biberoglu E, Kirbas A, Daglar K, Kara O, Karabulut E, Yakut HI, Danisman N. Role of inflammation in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2016; 42(3): 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.12902.

Binder T, Salaj P, Zima T, Vitek L. Randomized prospective comparative study of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2006; 34: 383–91. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2006.077

Birkness-Gartman JE, Oshima K. Liver pathology in pregnancy. Pathology International 2022; 72(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/pin.13186.

Blazquez AG, Briz O, Romero MR, Rosales R, Monte MJ, Vaquero J, Macias RI, Cassio D, Marin JJ. Characterization of the role of ABCG2 as a bile acid transporter in liver and placenta. Molecular Pharmacology 2012; 81: 273–83. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.111.075143

Bloom SL, Sheffield JS, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased birth weight. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001; 97: 485–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01206-0

Boelsterli UA, Rakhit G, Balazs T. Modulation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine of hepatic Na+,K+-ATPase, membrane fluidity, and bile flow in rats with ethinyl estradiol-induced cholestasis. Hepatology 1983; 3: 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840030102

Bonfirraro G, Chieffi O, Quinti R, Tedesco R, LeGrazie C, Bortolini M. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)-induced amelioration of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Results of an open study. Drug Investigation 1990; 2: 125–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03258251

Borges Manna L, Williamson C. Nuclear receptors in pregnancy and outcomes: clinical perspective. In: MJ Campbell, CL Bevan (eds) Nuclear Receptors in Human Health and Disease 2022; pp. 3–19. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_1.

Brites D. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: changes in maternal-fetal bile acid balance and improvement by ursodeoxycholic acid. Annals of Hepatology 2002; 1: 20–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-2681(19)32188-X

Brites D, El-Mir MY, Oliveira N, Marín JJG. Amniotic fluid bile acid changes in the course of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [Abstract]. Journal of Hepatology 1997; 26: 164A. No DOI or other link available.

Brites D, El-Mir MY, Rodrigues CMP, van-Zeller H, Marín JJG. Bile acid composition of amniotic fluid and maternal serum in cholestasis of pregnancy and effect of ursodeoxycholic acid [Abstract]. Journal of Hepatology 1998; 28: 125A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80692-2

Brites D, Rodrigues CM. Elevated levels of bile acids in colostrum of patients with cholestasis of pregnancy are decreased following ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Journal of Hepatology 1998; 29: 743–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80255-9

Brites D, Rodrigues CM, Oliveira N, Cardoso M, Graça LM. Correction of maternal serum bile acid profile during ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Hepatology 1998; 28: 91–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80207-9

Brites D, Rodrigues CM, Cardoso Mda C, Graca LM. Unusual case of severe cholestasis of pregnancy with early onset, improved by ursodeoxycholic acid administration. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1998; 76: 165–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(97)00185-1

Brites D, Rodrigues CM, van-Zeller H, Brito A, Silva R. Relevance of serum bile acid profile in the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in an high incidence area: Portugal. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1998; 80: 31–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00086-4

Briz O, Serrano MA, MacIas RI, Gonzalez-Gallego J, Marin JJ Role of organic anion-transporting polypeptides, OATP-A, OATP-C and OATP-8, in the human placenta-maternal liver tandem excretory pathway for foetal bilirubin. Biochemical Journal 2003; 371: 897–905. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20030034

Brouwers L, Koster MP, Page-Christiaens GC, Kemperman H, Boon J, Evers IM, Bogte A, Oudijk MA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes associated with elevated bile acid levels. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2015; 212: 100 e101-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.07.026

Bull LN, Hu D, Shah S, Temple L, Silva K, Huntsman S, Melgar J, Geiser MT, Sanford U, Ortiz JA, Lee RH, Kusanovic JP, Ziv E, Vargas JE. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) in U.S. Latinas and Chileans: Clinical features, ancestry analysis, and admixture mapping. PLOS ONE 2015; 10: e0131211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131211 and correction at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137479

C

Cabrerizo R, Castaño GO, Burgueño AL, Fernàndez Gianotti T, Gonzalez Lopez Ledesma MM, Flichman D, Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Promoter DNA methylation of farnesoid X receptor and pregnane X receptor modulates the intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy phenotype. PLOS ONE 2014; 9: e87697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087697

Campos GA, Castillo RJ, Toro FG. Effect of bile acids on the myometral contractility of the isolated pregnant uterus. Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 1988; 53: 229–33. No DOI or other link available.

Campos GA, Guerra FA, Israel EJ. Effects of cholic acid infusion in fetal lambs. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1986; 65: 23–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016348609158224

Carter J. Serum bile acids in normal pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1991; 98: 540–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb10367.x

Castaño G, Lucangioli S, Sookoian S, Mesquida M, Lemberg A, Di Scala M, Franchi P, Carducci C, Tripodi V. Bile acid profiles by capillary electrophoresis in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Clinical Science (Lond) 2006; 110: 459–65. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs20050302

Castaño G, Burgueno A, Fernandez Gianotti T, Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. The influence of common gene variants of the xenobiotic receptor (PXR) in genetic susceptibility to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010; 31: 583–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04210.x

Chacko KR, Wolkoff AW. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: new diagnostic insights. Annals of Hepatology 2017; 16(2): 176–8. https://doi.org/10.5604/16652681.1231550.

Chambers J. Ask, ‘could it be ICP?’ British Journal of Midwifery 2019; 27(9): 544–545. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2019.27.9.544.

Chappell LC, Gurung V, Seed PT, Chambers J, Williamson C, Thornton JG. Ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo, and early term delivery versus expectant management, in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: semifactorial randomised clinical trial. British Medical Journal 2012; 344. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e3799.

Chappell LC, Chambers J, Thornton JG, Williamson C. Does ursodeoxycholic acid improve perinatal outcomes in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy? British Medical Journal 2018; 360. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k104.

Chappell LC, Chambers J, Dixon PH, Dorling J, Hunter R, Bell JL, Bowler U, Hardy P, Juszczak E, Linsell L, Rounding C, Smith C, Williamson C, Thornton JG. Ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo in the treatment of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) to improve perinatal outcomes: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (PITCHES). Trials 2018; 19: 657. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-3018-4

Chappell LC, Bell JL, Smith A, Linsell L, Juszczak E, Dixon, PH, Chambers J, Hunter R, Dorling J, Williamson C, Thornton JG. Ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (PITCHES): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019; 394(10201): 849–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31270-X

Chen R, Deng M, Rauf Y-M, Lin G-Z, Qiu J-W, Zhu S-Y, Xiao X-M, Song Y-Z. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy as a clinical manifestation of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide deficiency. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2019; 248(1): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.248.57

Chen S, Li J, Ren S, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Xuan R. Expression and clinical significance of short-chain fatty acids in pregnancy complications. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2023; 12: 1071029. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1071029.

Chen Y, Vasilenko A, Song X, Valanejad L, Verma R, You S, Yan B, Shiffka S, Hargreaves L, Nadolny C, Deng R. Estrogen and estrogen receptor-α-mediated transrepression of bile salt export pump. Molecular Endocrinology 2015; 29: 613–26. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2015-1014

Chen Y, Zhang H, Ning W, Wen C. The impact of intrahepatic cholestasis on pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterology 2023; 23: 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-023-02652-3

Chen Z, Ma X, Zhao Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang R, Zhu Y, Wang L, Xiao X. Yinchenhao decoction in the treatment of cholestasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2015; 168: 208–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.058

Chen Z, Shen Z, Hu L, Lu M, Feng Y. Identification of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 as biomarker of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Annals of Hepatology 2017; 16(2): 291–6. https://doi.org/10.5604/16652681.1231589

Chen S, Li J, Ren S, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Xuan R. Expression and clinical significance of short-chain fatty acids in pregnancy complications. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2023; 12: 1071029. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1071029

Chen S, Ahlqvist VH, Sjöqvist H, Stephansson O, Magnusson C, Dalman C, Karlsson H, Lee BK, Gardner RM. Maternal intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and neurodevelopmental conditions in offspring: A population-based cohort study of 2 million Swedish children. PLOS Medicine 2024; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004331

Cheng CY, Zeng GY, Wang T, Su Y-H, Xu F-D, Luo H, Zhong H-T, Chen X-L. Predictive value of serum cholic acid and lithocholic acid for the diagnosis in an intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy population with high levels of total bile acids and the correlation with placental hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. International Journal of Women’s Health 2022; 14: 687–96. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s355156.

Colombo C, Roda A, Roda E, Buscaglia M, dell’Agnola CA, Filippetti P, Ronchi M, Sereni F. Correlation between fetal and maternal serum bile acid concentrations. Pediatric Research 1985; 19: 227–31. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198502000-00018

Connolly CT, Grubman O, Al-Ibraheemi Z, Kushner T. A case of markedly elevated isolated alkaline phosphatase in the third trimester of pregnancy. Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022; 2022: 1611304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1611304.

Conti-Ramsden F, McEwan M, Hill R, Wade J, Abraham G, Buckeldee O, Williamson C, Knight CL, Girling J, Chappell LC. Detection of additional abnormalities or co-morbidities in women with suspected intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine 2019; https://doi.org/10.1177/1753495X19868873.

Costoya AL, Leontic EA, Rosenberg HG, Delgado MA. Morphological study of placental terminal villi in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: histochemistry, light and electron microscopy. Placenta 1980; 1: 361–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4004(80)80038-5

Cousens S, Blencowe H, Stanton C, Chou D, Ahmed S, Steinhardt L, Creanga AA, Tunçalp O, Balsara ZP, Gupta S, Say L, Lawn JE. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2011; 377: 1319–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62310-0

Cristina Igreja Sá I, Tripska K, Alaei Faradonbeh F, Hroch M, Lastuvkova H, Schreiberova J, Kacerovsky M, Pericacho M, Nachtigal P, Micuda S. Labetalol and soluble endoglin aggravate bile acid retention in mice with ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023; 14: 1116422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1116422

Crocenzi FA, Mottino AD, Cao J, Veggi LM, Pozzi EJ, Vore M, Coleman R, Roma MG. Estradiol-17β-D-glucuronide induces endocytic internalization of Bsep in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2003; 285: G449–G459. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00508.2002

Cui T, Liu Y, Men X, Xu Z, Wu L, Liu S, Xing A. Bile acid transport correlative protein mRNA expression profile in human placenta with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Saudi Medical Journal 2009; 30: 1406–10. https://smj.org.sa/content/30/11/1406

Cynamon HA, Andres JM, Iafrate RP. Rifampin relieves pruritus in children with cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1013–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)90027-X

D

Dann AT, Kenyon AP, Seed PT, Poston L, Shennan AH, Tribe RM. Glutathione S-transferase and liver function in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus gravidarum. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1406–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20473

Dann AT, Kenyon AP, Wierzbicki AS, Seed PT, Shennan AH, Tribe RM. Plasma lipid profiles of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2006; 107: 106–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000189096.94874.9c

Davies MH, da Silva RC, Jones SR, Weaver JB, Elias E. Fetal mortality associated with cholestasis of pregnancy and the potential benefit of therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid. Gut 1995; 37: 580–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.37.4.580

DeLeon A, De Oliveira GS, Kalayil M, Narang S, McCarthy RJ, Wong CA. The incidence of coagulopathy in pregnant patients with intrahepatic cholestasis: should we delay or avoid neuraxial analgesia? Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2014; 26: 623–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.04.013

Denızlı R, Sakcak B, Farisoğulları N, Peker MEM, Sınacı S, Kara Ö, Tanacan A, Tekın ÖM, Şahın D. The impact of elevated liver enzymes and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2022; 4(1): 184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-022-01267-1.

Devalla A, Srivastava K. Unfolding newer concepts in placental pathology of obstetric cholestasis – a cause for prematurity. International Journal of Physiology Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2022; 14(1): 16–23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8918608/.

de Vree JM, Jacquemin E, Sturm E, Cresteil D, Bosma PJ, Aten J, Deleuze JF, Desrochers M, Burdelski M, Bernard O, Oude Elferink RP, Hadchouel M. Mutations in the MDR3 gene cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998; 95: 282–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.1.282

de Vries E, Beuers U. Ursodeoxycholic acid in pregnancy? Journal of Hepatology 2019; 71(6): 1237–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.020

Diac M, Kenyon A, Nelson-Piercy C, Girling J, Cheng F, Tribe RM, Goodman J, Shennan A, Williamson C. Dexamethasone in the treatment of obstetric cholestasis: a case series. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006; 26: 110–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443610500443246

Diaferia A, Nicastri PL, Tartagni M, Loizzi P, Iacovizzi C, Di Leo A. Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in pregnant women with cholestasis. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1996; 52: 133–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(95)02528-6

Ding Y-L, Zhang L-J, Wang X, Zhou Q-C, Li N, Wang C-X, Zhang X-Q. Fetal lung surfactant and development alterations in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014; 3(2): 78–84. https://doi.org/10.5317/wjog.v3.i2.78.

Dixon PH, van Mil SW, Chambers J, Strautnieks S, Thompson RJ, Lammert F, Kubitz R, Keitel V, Glantz A, Mattsson LA, Marschall HU, Molokhia M, Moore GE, Linton KJ, Williamson C. Contribution of variant alleles of ABCB11 to susceptibility to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gut 2009; 58: 537–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.159541

Dixon PH, Weerasekera N, Linton KJ, Donaldson O, Chambers J, Egginton E, Weaver J, Nelson-Piercy C, de Swiet M, Warnes G, Elias E, Higgins CF, Johnston DG, McCarthy MI, Williamson C. Heterozygous MDR3 missense mutation associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: evidence for a defect in protein trafficking. Human Molecular Genetics 2000; 9: 1209–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/9.8.1209

Dixon PH, Wadsworth CA, Chambers J, Donnelly J, Cooley S, Buckley R, Mannino R, Jarvis S, Syngelaki A, Geenes V, Paul P, Sothinathan M, Kubitz R, Lammert F, Tribe RM, Ch'ng CL, Marschall HU, Glantz A, Khan SA, Nicolaides K, Whittaker J, Geary M, Williamson C. A comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation around six candidate loci for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2014; 109(1): 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.406.

Dixon PH, Williamson C. The molecular genetics of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine 2008; 1: 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fom.2008.080010

Dixon PH, Williamson C. The pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 2016; 40(2): 141–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2015.12.008.

Dixon PH, Sambrotta M, Chambers J, Taylor-Harris P, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides K, Knisely AS, Thompson RJ, Williamson, C. An expanded role for heterozygous mutations of ABCB4, ABCB11, ATP8B1, ABCC2 and TJP2 in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Scientific Reports 2017; 7: 11823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11626-x.

Dixon PH, Levine AP, Cebola I, Chan MMY, Amin AS, Aich A, Mozere M, Maude H, Mitchell AL, Zhang J, NIHR BioResource, Genomics England Research Consortium Collaborators, Chambers J, Syngelaki A, Donnelly J, Cooley S, Geary M, Nicolaides K, Thorsell M, Hague WM, Estiu MC, Marschall H-U, Gale DP, Williamson C. GWAS meta-analysis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy implicates multiple hepatic genes and regulatory elements. Nature Communications 2022; 13: 4840. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29931-z.

Dodampahala SH, Pieris H, Chandrasena LG, Jayakody S, Gunathilaka C, Wijayaratne CN, Dodampahala GSK, Meegahawatta AR. Presence of obstetric cholestasis in mothers presenting with pruritus in pregnancy: in a low resource South Asian setting. Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2016; 4(2): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.4236/arsci.2016.42006.

Dolinsky BM, Zelig CM, Paonessa DJ, Hoeldtke NJ, Napolitano PG. Effect of taurocholic acid on fetoplacental arterial pressures in a dual perfusion placental cotyledon model: A novel approach to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2014; 59: 367–70. http://www.reproductivemedicine.com/toc/auto_abstract.php?id=24206

Dong M, Xie X, Wang Z, He J, Zhou J, Cheng Q. Impaired mixed lymphocyte reaction in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2002; 54: 191–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000068381

Dong R, Ye N, Wang J, Zhao S, Wang T, Wang G, Shi X, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Yao T, Chen M, Zhang T, Luo L. Serum exosomes microRNAs are novel non-invasive biomarkers of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) 2022; 13: 832577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.832577.

Dong R, Hu Y, Chen Q, Shan D, Yuxia Wu. Elevated GABRP expression is correlated to the excessive autophagy in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Heliyon 2023; 9(2): e13221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13221.

E

Eliakim M, Sadovsky E, Stein O, Shenkar YG. Recurrent cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy. Report of five cases and electron microscopic observations. Archives of Internal Medicine 1966; 117: 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1966.03870110088018

Eloranta ML, Heiskanen J, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Mannermaa A, Heinonen S. Apolipoprotein E alleles in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2000; 35: 966–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655200750023048

Eloranta ML, Häkli T, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Punnonen K, Heinonen S. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the bile salt export pump gene with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2003; 38: 648–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520310000807

Eloranta ML, Heinonen S, Kirkinen P. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy has no effect on maternal serum second trimester alpha-fetoprotein and hCG. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2000; 79: 548–52. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079007548.x

Eloranta ML, Heinonen S, Mononen T, Saarikoski S. Risk of obstetric cholestasis in sisters of index patients. Clinical Genetics 2001; 60: 42–5. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600106.x

Eloranta ML, Heiskanen JT, Hiltunen MJ, Mannermaa AJ, Punnonen KR, Heinonen ST. Multidrug resistance 3 gene mutation 1712delT and estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms in Finnish women with obstetric cholestasis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2002; 105: 132–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00064-7

Erlandson M, Wertz MC, Rosenfeld E. Common skin conditions during pregnancy. American Family Physician 2023; 107(2): 152–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36791447/

Estiú MC, Monte MJ, Rivas L, Moirón M, Gomez-Rodriguez L, Rodriguez-Bravo T, Marin JJ, Macias RI. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment on the altered progesterone and bile acid homeostasis in the mother-placenta-foetus trio during cholestasis of pregnancy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2015; 79: 316–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12480

Estiú MC, Frailuna MA, Otero C, Dericco M, Williamson C, Marin JJG, Macias RIR. Relationship between early onset severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and higher risk of meconium-stained fluid. PLOS ONE 2017; 12(4): e0176504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176504

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy. Journal of Hepatology 2023; August. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.006